Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation
Governance of online creation communities: Provision of infrastructure for the building of digital commons
Mayo Fuster Morell, European University Institute
PhD thesis defense: 20 September 2010
Jury: Prof. Donatella della Porta (European University Institute, Supervisor), Prof. Bruce Bimber (University California, Santa Barbara), Prof. Joan Subirats (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona), and Prof. Giovanni Sartor (European University Institute)
I dedicate this thesis to the commoners
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Short abstract
This doctoral research is framed by the notion of a transition in which distinct commons organizational forms are gaining in importance at a time when the institutional principles of the nation state are in a state of profound crisis, and those of the private market are undergoing dramatic change. Additionally, the transformation of industrial society into a knowledge-based one is raising the importance of knowledge management, regulation and creation.
This doctoral research addresses collective action for knowledge-making in the digital era from a double perspective of organizational and political conflict through the case of global online creation communities. From the organizational perspective, it provides an empirically grounded description of the organizational characteristics of emerging collective action. The research challenges previous literature by questioning the neutrality of infrastructure for collective action and demonstrating that infrastructure governance shapes collective action. Importantly, the research provides an empirical explanation of the organizational strategies most likely to succeed in creating large-scale collective action in terms of the size of participation and complexity of collaboration. From the political conflict perspective, this research maps the diverse models of governance of knowledge-making processes, addresses how these are embedded in each model of governance, and suggests a set of dimensions of democratic quality adapted to these forms. Importantly, it provides an empirically grounded characterization of two conflicting logics present in the conditions for collective action in the digital era: a commons versus a corporate logic of collective action. Additionally, the research sheds lights on the emerging free culture and access to knowledge movement as a sign of this conflict.
In hypothesizing that the emerging forms of collective action are able to increase in terms of both participation and complexity while maintaining democratic principles, this research challenges Olson’s assertion that formal organizations tend to overcome collective action dilemmas more easily, and challenges the classical statements of Weber and Michels that as organizations grow in size and complexity, they tend to create bureaucratic forms and oligarchies. This research concludes that online creation communities are able to increase in complexity while maintaining democratic principles. Additionally, in the light of this research, the emerging collective action forms are better characterized as hybrid ecosystems which succeed by networking and combining several components, each with different degrees of formalization and organizational and democratic logics.
In hypothesizing that the emerging forms of collective action are able to increase in terms of both participation and complexity while maintaining democratic principles, this research challenges Olson’s assertion that formal organizations tend to overcome collective action dilemmas more easily, and challenges the classical statements of Weber and Michels that as organizations grow in size and complexity, they tend to create bureaucratic forms and oligarchies. This research concludes that online creation communities are able to increase in complexity while maintaining democratic principles. Additionally, in the light of this research, the emerging collective action forms are better characterized as hybrid ecosystems which succeed by networking and combining several components, each with different degrees of formalization and organizational and democratic logics.
Keywords definition
Methodology
The combination of methods and the comparison of the cases are the main characteristic of the empirical research design, which was developed in order to grasp the complexity of OCCs.
Firstly, the empirical research was based on a multi-scale approach; it consisted of a quantitative large N analysis of the cases and a qualitative small N comparison of four case studies. The large N analysis was carried out first in order to map OCCs and single out hypotheses, the mechanisms of which were then analyzed in the small N case study comparison.
The case studies were:
- Wikipedia, an open online encyclopedia;
- Flickr, a commercial platform for photo sharing;
- Wikihow, a collaborative how-to manual
- Social Forum memory project, a collaborative collective memory building.
Secondly, both offline and online methods were used. Thirdly, I combined interacting with informants to collect data, for example, during interviews and the use of methods based on “organic data”. Last but not least, a double perspective, that of the researcher and that of the action, was present in the research.